Jury Guesswork and Hunting
By Mike Dorf
My latest FindLaw column takes aim at a recent ruling by a New York State trial judge who called a mistrial after determining that the defense attorney in a case before him had used her peremptory challenges to dismiss all the prospective jurors who are registered hunters. Here I'll add two points (unrelated to one another):
1) the facts are quite intriguing. The defendant Robert Robar is a hunter who allegedly shot at another hunter who had wandered onto the property where Robar was hunting. (Insert Dick Cheney joke here.) Robar's lawyer used her peremptory challenges to eliminate licensed hunters from the jury. I inferred from that fact that the lawyer was worried that hunters would be especially unsympathetic to someone who shot at a hunter. But one could almost as easily imagine that the prosecutor might have used his peremptories to eliminate hunters from the jury, relying on the directly contrary but prima facie plausible hypothesis that hunters would sympathize with Robar, thinking that they themselves might end up in the dock if they accidentally shot another hunter. Given that, why did Robar's attorney assume that the hunters would more likely empathize with the victim than with the accused?
2) In the column I said nothing about the morality of hunting, which may strike some readers as odd, given my moral objection to the killing, exploitation of, and infliction of suffering on sentient creatures. However, this was not a special exercise of self-restraint, for while I do think hunting is wrong, I think it is generally less wrong than, say, eating an egg mcmuffin. The free-living animals killed for sport by hunters were not previously confined in cramped spaces and did not have their young taken away for slaughter (as did the cows who produced the milk for the cheese and the hens who produced the eggs for the egg mcmuffin). And hunters typically eat the animals they kill, so that hunting is no less "necessary" to human wellbeing than is consuming the products of animal agriculture if one thinks--contrary to the evidence--that eating animal products is somehow necessary for humans to thrive.
My latest FindLaw column takes aim at a recent ruling by a New York State trial judge who called a mistrial after determining that the defense attorney in a case before him had used her peremptory challenges to dismiss all the prospective jurors who are registered hunters. Here I'll add two points (unrelated to one another):
1) the facts are quite intriguing. The defendant Robert Robar is a hunter who allegedly shot at another hunter who had wandered onto the property where Robar was hunting. (Insert Dick Cheney joke here.) Robar's lawyer used her peremptory challenges to eliminate licensed hunters from the jury. I inferred from that fact that the lawyer was worried that hunters would be especially unsympathetic to someone who shot at a hunter. But one could almost as easily imagine that the prosecutor might have used his peremptories to eliminate hunters from the jury, relying on the directly contrary but prima facie plausible hypothesis that hunters would sympathize with Robar, thinking that they themselves might end up in the dock if they accidentally shot another hunter. Given that, why did Robar's attorney assume that the hunters would more likely empathize with the victim than with the accused?
One possible answer is jury consultants. I don't know whether Robar hired a jury selection expert but there are a great many such experts who ply their expertise about what sorts of people are likely to vote which way in particular cases. Some of these judgments are based in general statistical patterns; others are based in mock trials (and are very expensive); many are based on folk wisdom, intuition, and guesswork.
But now we have a quandary: If the jury experts are wrong in a particular judgment--e.g., keep mailmen off of the jury in a dog-bite suit--then peremptory challenges based on their advice are unhelpful or even counter-productive. But if the experts are right, then such challenges simply skew the jury in a potentially unfair way. After all, peremptory challenges are used to eliminate unbiased jurors. For them to play a legitimate role in jury selection, it must be that the pattern of correlation between characteristics (such as hunting or mail delivery) shows an actual bias, albeit one that won't show up under ordinary voir dire. But that is hardly a given. If government employees are more likely than others to vote to convict a criminal defendant (a correlation I've just made up), then that doesn't mean that government employees have a hidden bias not picked out by voir dire; it could just mean that they have a different perspective from others, but a valid one. Accordingly, the case for eliminating peremptory challenges remains very strong.
2) In the column I said nothing about the morality of hunting, which may strike some readers as odd, given my moral objection to the killing, exploitation of, and infliction of suffering on sentient creatures. However, this was not a special exercise of self-restraint, for while I do think hunting is wrong, I think it is generally less wrong than, say, eating an egg mcmuffin. The free-living animals killed for sport by hunters were not previously confined in cramped spaces and did not have their young taken away for slaughter (as did the cows who produced the milk for the cheese and the hens who produced the eggs for the egg mcmuffin). And hunters typically eat the animals they kill, so that hunting is no less "necessary" to human wellbeing than is consuming the products of animal agriculture if one thinks--contrary to the evidence--that eating animal products is somehow necessary for humans to thrive.